Origins of the Jammu and Kashmir Conflict

When India and Pakistan became separate and independent nations in August of 1947, theoretically they were divided along sectarian lines. In the Partition of India, Hindus were supposed to live in India, while Muslims lived in Pakistan. However, the horrific ethnic cleansing that followed proved that it was impossible to simply draw a line on the map between followers of the two faiths - they had been living in mixed communities for centuries. One region, where the northern tip of India adjoins Pakistan (and China), chose to opt out of both new nations. This was Jammu and Kashmir. As the British Raj in India ended, Maharaja Hari Singh of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir refused to join his kingdom to either India or Pakistan. The maharaja himself was Hindu, as were 20% of his subjects, but the overwhelming majority of Kashmiris were Muslim (77%). There were also small minorities of Sikhs and Tibetan Buddhists. Hari Singh declared Jammu and Kashmirs independence as a separate nation in 1947, but Pakistan immediately launched a guerrilla war to free the majority-Muslim region from Hindu rule. The maharaja then appealed to India for aid, signing an agreement to accede to India in October of 1947, and Indian troops cleared the Pakistani guerrillas from much of the area. The newly-formed United Nations intervened in the conflict in 1948, organizing a cease-fire and calling for a referendum of Kashmirs people in order to determine whether the majority wished to join with Pakistan or India. However, that vote has never been taken. Since 1948, Pakistan and India have fought two additional wars over Jammu and Kashmir, in 1965 and in 1999. The region remains divided and claimed by both nations; Pakistan controls the northern and western one-third of the territory, while India has control of the southern area. China and India both also claim a Tibetan enclave in the east of Jammu and Kashmir called Aksai Chin; they fought a war in 1962 over the area, but have since signed agreements to enforce the current Line of Actual Control. Maharaja Hari Singh remained head of state in Jammu and Kashmir until 1952; his son later became the governor of the (Indian-administered) state. The Indian-controlled Kashmir Valleys 4 million people are 95% Muslim and only 4% Hindu, while Jammu is 30% Muslim and 66% Hindu. Pakistani-controlled territory is almost 100% Muslim; however, Pakistans claims include all of the region including Aksia Chin. The future of this long-disputed region is unclear. Since India, Pakistan, and China all possess nuclear weapons, any hot war over Jammu and Kashmir could have devastating results.

A Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen - 932 Words

First She Wanted a Real Family, Now She Wants to Find Herself Nora Helmer from the play called, A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen is the main character of the play. By Nora committing a crime, forgery, to save her husband s life, Torvald, she realizes that she has never been herself. At the beginning of the play, Nora seems happy with her life, her marriage, and her family. It seems that everything is going well because now they have some extra money to support their needs and live a better life without limitations, but there is always something wrong when there is too much happiness. Nora keeps a huge secret from Torvald, but she does this because she doesn t want to end her family s happiness and stability, and she also doesn t want to be seems as she is against society s expectations. Torvald always tells her that they should never take a loan even if they need it because borrowing money from the bank takes people s liberty. Nora disobeys and she takes a loan, but she doesn’t do it to do the opposite of what Torvald says, she does it bec ause she wants to save Torvald s life. She even lies to him telling him that all the money comes from her father s, but he dies before that money is available to her, and who knows this is Krogstad, who gives her the money. Nora has always been controlled by her father, Torvald, and society. Society plays a huge role in Nora s life because all what she does is to do whatever she needs to do in order to not disobey society sShow MoreRelatedHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House1563 Words   |  7 Pages In the play, A Doll House by Henrik Ibsen, the title itself symbolizes the dependent and degraded role of the wife within traditional marriages. Ibsen portrayed the generous nature root into women by society, as well as the significant action of this nature, and lastly the need for them to find their own voice in a world ruled by men. Ibsen wrote this play in 1879, this is the era where women were obedient to men, tend the children until their husband came home, and stood by the Cult of DomesticityRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1717 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"A Doll, a Partner, and a Change† Social movement of women liberation toward equal rights and independence has been a big subject in human history. It happens not only in Europe but also all over the world. Though making progress, this movement has been advancing slowly and encountered backslashes from time to time. Maybe there is something deeply hidden which the society has not figured out yet, even women themselves. What do women want, freedom or good life? Most of the time, they are notRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1291 Words   |  6 Pages A Doll s House by Henrik Ibsen, is a play that has been written to withstand all time. In this play Ibsen highlights the importance of women’s rights. During the time period of the play these rights were neglected. Ibsen depicts the role of the woman was to stay at home, raise the children and attend to her husband during the 19th century. Nora is the woman in A Doll House who plays is portrayed as a victim. Michael Meyers said of Henrik Ibsen s plays: The common denominator in many of IbsenRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1288 Words   |  6 Pages Henrik Ibsen’s A Doll’s House is based in the Victorian society of the 19th century. It assesses the many struggles and hardships that women faced because of marriage â€Å"laws† that were crucial during that time period. The society was male- dominated with no equality. Nora is the protagonist in A Doll’s House and the wife of a man named Torvald. This play is about Nora’s voyage to recognizing her self- determination and independence. She transforms from a traditional, reserved woman to a new, independentRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1298 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"There is beauty in truth, even if it s painful. Those who lie, twist life so that it looks tasty to the lazy, brilliant to the ignorant, and powerful to the weak. But lies only strengthen our defects. They don t teach anything, help anything, fix anything or cure anything. Nor do they develop one s character, one s mind, one s heart or one s soul.† (Josà © N. Harris). Nora Helmer’s choice to lie and deceive is inappropriate and wrong for women to do to her husband during this time period; itRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1037 Words   |  5 PagesHenrik Ibsen s A Doll s House is a work of literature genius. This three-act play involves many literary technics that are undermined by the average reader such as the fact that the plot shows the main characters Torvald and his wife Nora live the perfect life. An ironic paradox based around the fact that Nora and Torvald’s relationship is the complete opposite of perfect. Also, bringing upon a conflict as well, appearance versus reality. These little hidden meanings within stories are what areRead MoreHenrik Ibsen s A Doll House Essay1501 Words   |  7 PagesHenrik Ibsen’s play â€Å"A Doll House† was set in the Victorian era, a time where women were highly respected. Women in this time period did not work, they had nannies to take care of their children and maids to take care of their homes. Many women had no real responsibilities, they spent their time having tea parties and socializing with their friends. Henrik Ibsen dared to show the realism of the Victorian era while everyone else would only focus on the romantic aspect. In the play, â€Å"A Doll House†Read MoreA Doll s House : Henrik Ibsen962 Words   |  4 PagesDrama Analysis A Doll’s House (Henrik Ibsen) And Trifles (Susan Glaspell) In comparing both dramas, the overwhelming aspect of convergence between both is the open discussion of gender identity. Both dramas make similar points about what it means to be a woman. Modern society in both dramas is constructed with men holding power over women. This is seen in Trifles in how men like George Henderson and Mr. Hale are myopic. The premise of the drama is how women worry over trifles, and the dismissiveRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen1421 Words   |  6 PagesIn A Doll’s House, Henrik Ibsen examines conventional roles of men and women in the nineteenth century. In the play, Nora exemplifies the conventional feminine standard during that period. She seems to be powerless and confines herself through high standard expectations, demonstrating what the role of a women would be as a wife and mother. The protagonist of A Doll’s House is a woman named Nora Helmer. Ibsen shows how Nora’s design of perfect life gradually transforms when her sec ret unravels. InRead MoreA Doll s House By Henrik Ibsen876 Words   |  4 PagesA Doll’s House by Henrik Ibsen A Doll’s House takes place in the home of Torvald and Nora Helmer. Through conversation with Nora’s good friend Kristine Linde it is revealed that Mr. Helmer was ill around the same time Nora’s father died. Luckily Nora’s father left her enough money that Torvald and Nora could go on a life saving trip to Italy. But the truth comes out when we find out Nora’s father did not leave her a penny. We find out that Nora got a hold of the money through a loan but she signed

Jellybeans free essay sample

Through most of my childhood, Mom used to take me onto the movie set where she worked. Sometimes, I visited in her trailer filled with flowers and chocolates for Friends or Herman’s Head, but other times, if I was good, I got to sit in the audience. There, I would sit quietly and watch wide-eyed as the world around me was transformed into the Land of Pretend and Fantasy. The actors were like dolls, trying on different beautiful costumes, living in pretend â€Å"doll houses† and following the orders of the one who played with them all: the director. The whole world was centered on the stage, and the God who created the world sat in the director’s chair and yelled, â€Å"cut† at the end of each take. When I got home I would dress up my Barbie’s in the costumes that I would chose from their extensive wardrobes, and arrange the dollhouse with its tiny furniture and accessories to my specifications. We will write a custom essay sample on Jellybeans or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Muttering instructions to my â€Å"actors† I directed them through elaborated plots I dreamed up out of my little head. In this world, I was the boss, my dolls would do whatever I wanted to, and while it made my world of imagination complete, it was never the same as the real thing. At the end of the month, Mom would bring home a treasure-the Jellybean Jar. Each night, if my brother and I ate all our dinner, we were allowed to have a few for dessert. At the time, I believed that the Jellybean Jar was my mom’s wages for her work. For a little girl who did not yet understand monetary value, this was the ultimate payment for a job where one got to play with â€Å"dolls† all day. I am seventeen now, so I understand the difference between my childish perception and reality. But one of the things that has never changed is my love for the world of the movie set. To be a director, and be in charge of manifesting the ideas in my head into reality has been my goal, for a s far back as I can remember. When I attend Chapman University, I’ll be able to learn from mentors who can help me become a better director as a whole. I don’t have dreams of being able to get a job in Hollywood and directing big stars like George Clooney or Nicole Kidman. I don’t want to be a glittering icon that dazzles the eyes of my fans. I want to be seen as I truly am. I am a girl with big dreams, who has lived on the Big Island of Hawaii for the past three years and I’m proud of it. Being in this land of paradise, where everyone seems to know one another, I have learned the true meaning of community. It’s important that I find a school in which I can create malama-which in Hawaiian means to care- a family and a home from the world of the director’s chair. So far, I have created three short films with an extraordinary group of people, and every time we finish, we always feel bonded together by our experience. Sometimes my brother conde scends to join us, or I ask classmates and friends to help. It’s my dad and my mom though, who are always there for me. Showing me how to work the camera, suggesting alternate ways of introducing a character, and lending a patient hand when I’m stuck, I couldn’t ask for more. Working with my family and friends is an experience that I never want to end; yet when it does, I am always looking forward to the next project. Whether I chose to make films to make people laugh, or cry, or be inspired to do great things, I want to make a difference. My dream job is to have a place where I am respected, and surrounded by actors and crewmembers that are my friends. And of course, lots of jars of jellybeans.

Parental Issues in A Midsummer Nights Dream Reading the science of Law into a Cautious Tale about the Return into the Lapse of Nature

Introduction: Shakespeare’s Wisdom and Wit The ideas in Shakespearean plays have never been too on-the-nose; conveyed in an extremely subtle manner, they often hid in between the lines, allowing the readers time to ponder ethical dilemmas. Not necessarily being the focus of the work, the given problems nevertheless stood out on their own, making it clear that the poet addressed the social issues of the time as well as telling entertaining stories.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Issues in A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Reading the science of Law into a Cautious Tale about the Return into the Lapse of Nature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Which is even more enthralling, the ethical issues that Shakespeare raised in his works still remain topical. Considering the issues that concern rather human nature than the morals of a particular epoch, Shakespeare created timeless works that offered the re aders timeless dilemmas, as well as the solutions to these dilemmas, hidden between the lines of his works. A Midsummer Night’s Dream, a comedy with an unusual moral question for the audience to consider, is one of such works. Thesis Statement: Despite its age and topic, A Midsummer Night’s Dream brings up topical legal and ethical issues, as well as creates a connection between people and nature, bringing up the principles of strength, power and stealth as the key means to win, which the primitive society was guided by. The plot of a Midsummer Night’s Dream can hardly be related to anything legal, with its fairytale setting and the romantic premises. Analyzing the curves of the plot, however, one will come across the fact that the play offers a very unusual perspective on parenthood, namely, on adoption and the rights of a custodian. Though it is usually considered that a mother should be given the rights to take care over a child, in case of a father and a ste pmother, the issue becomes much more complicated. Therefore, the problem that arises between Titania and Oberon can be seen from the legal point of view as well. Moreover, it is necessary to mention that the play blurs the line between the legal solutions of the problem and a more ancient and, therefore, more savage means to solve the given problem. Using brutal force, Oberon tries to get the hold of the child, while Titania flees with her son, relying on her cunning rather than on the support from anyone with enough authority. Finally, in addition to the criminal subtext and the nature versus nurture issue, the play also offers a gender problem that stems from the conflict between Titania and Oberon. Concerning both biological specifics of gender and, therefore, referring to the previously raised nature–nurture argument, as well as setting male and female gender apart and, thus, leading to a gender issue, the conflict leads to a question concerning who has the qualities of a better parent. However, it is worth mentioning that the third issue can also be viewed as a contribution to the argument concerning the legal rights for adoption. While the former issue is relatively independent and, thus, can be used as an argument in discussions, the latter is an implication stemming from the biological premise.Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Play Summary and the Obvious Ethical Question Before proceeding with the description of the plot, one must mention that Shakespeare, as a true master of intrigue that he was, managed to intertwine several plot lines within a single play. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, there are three key storylines. The first and the most important one concerns the love relationships between Lysander and Hermia, and touches upon the idea of arranged marriage. The second one revolves around the couple of elves, the king Obe ron and his wife Titania, who runs away from her royal husband and takes her son with her, being afraid that, as a stepmother, she has no right to prevent Oberon from taking her stepson away and is the key point of discussion in the given paper. The final plotline, which lies the closest to reality, depicts the attempts of the Athenian actors to put up a play based on the notorious love story of Thisbe and Pyramus. Hence, it seems that the issue of divorce between Titania and Oberon is left in the shadow of the unfolding events of the play. The very idea of a conflict between a couple seems quite trivial for Shakespeare; however, resulting in a â€Å"divorce† between the lead characters, who quite frankly belong to the real of the Greek mythology and, to top it all, with an issue regarding the â€Å"custody fight† between the characters, the problem becomes rather unique. When Literature Meets Jurisdiction: The Mother, the Father and the Child As it has been mentioned above, the play incorporates the elements of a moral dilemma concerning who the parent of a child should be in case the parents decide to separate. While in Shakespeare’s play, the case with the custody is very black-and-white, with little to no indications that Oberon could also play the role of the child’s father successfully, the poet states clearly that the issue concerning single parenting exists and that it must be addressed. Shakespeare is obviously on Titania’s side, which does not make his point of view revolutionary in the modern sense of the word. However, given the fact that in the epoch during which the events in the play occur, women’s role in society was restricted to following the orders of the husband and that the mother’s opinion was in no way significant, the choice that Titania makes running away with the child is quite solid. From this point, there are two ways to interpret the issue. On the one hand, the problem can be viewed through the lens of modern jurisdiction, which dictates that the right to bring a child up belongs to the mother, yet states that kidnapping is a punishable offense. On the other hand, Titania’s runaway can be considered outside of the modern justice context as a manifestation of a very motherly instinct to save the child. Shakespearean World: Where Passion Is a Sufficient Reason for Kidnapping At first, what Titania does to save her stepchild from her savage husband seems irrational. While Oberon does act like a cruel beast, disregarding his wife’s feelings towards her stepson, Titania also breaks all possible laws in the light of the modern law, literally kidnapping the child and running away.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Issues in A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Reading the science of Law into a Cautious Tale about the Return into the Lapse of Nature specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On a second thought, though, it is essential to mention, though, that the plot of the poem is based on a Greek myth, which makes a sufficient excuse for what seems a completely illogical and even criminal step from the point of view of modern judicial system. Therefore, the poem also serves as a graphic example between the present-day judicial system and its principles, and the legal postulates that were used several centuries before. Thus, one can see clearly the progress that has been made in term of both re-establishing the rights of a mother and at the same time polishing the existing system so that the victim should use it as a tool for restoring justice instead of running away from it. From the Viewpoint of Nature: Mother’s Care vs. Father’s Protection Choosing a Better Parent With the idea of mother’s prerogative for raising children, the reasons for the given idea do not seem to be questioned often. However, it is reasonable to suggest that there are c ertain arguments stressing a mother’s advantages as a child tutor. These specifics stems from the times when men and women had defined social roles, women being engaged into children upbringing, while men devoted most of their time to hunting (Fiske, Gilbert and Lindsey 952). At present, with a considerable shift in the social roles of men and women, the idea of women as the only possible child tutors seems to have become dated; however, in the Shakespearean epoch, women had the ultimate privilege of raising children as opposed to taking any part in the social or political life of the country (Wright 89). Hence, in A Midsummer Night’s Dream, questioning the reasonability of the given prerogative, Shakespeare, thus, is several centuries ahead of his epoch. While the solution might seem obvious, there is still a lot to discuss. Indeed, a mother gives birth to a child, which means that from the point of delivery, a kind of a spiritual connection between a mother and a chi ld appears. On the other hand, Titania was not the biological mother of the child, which makes the given argument invalid. Given the fact that in the Shakespearean times, and especially in the times of the legendary Oberon and Titania, women were restricted to the social roles that they were told to play (Blundell 76), it is rather doubtful that with Titania’s protection, destiny would have been much more favorable to the child. On the contrary, staying with Oberon as his servant, the child would have obtained at least some education and had a career. However, the specifics of the epoch aside, the assets of a single mother are just as strong as the ones of a single father. Hence, saving her son from becoming her husband’s servant, Titania makes the right choice that signifies her maturity and motherly qualities. As Kehler puts it, Titania becomes â€Å"the voice of ethical commitment† in the play (Kehler 317).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion: A Midsummer Night’s Dream as a Retreat into the Primitive Regardless of its flippant charm and the obvious comedic elements, A Midsummer Night’s Dream offers a lot of food for thoughts in terms of its subplot of kidnapping and the following argument concerning the best choice of a parent. While the focus of the play is obviously on the relationships between the characters, as well as on the situational comedy, the issue of parenthood is still touched upon. Therefore, the play intersects with legal issues concerning parenthood at certain points. Moreover, bringing up the question concerning who the best parent is, a caring mother or a protecting father, A Midsummer Night’s Dream appears to be a much more dimensional play than one might think it to be. Works Cited Blundell, Sue. Women in Ancient Greece. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1995. Print. Fiske, Susan T., Daniel T. Gilbert and Gardner Lindsey. Handbook of Social Psychology. Vol. 2. Ne w York, NY: John Wiley Sons, 2010. Print. Kehler, Dorothea. A Midsummer Night’s Dream. New York, NY: Routledge, 2001. Print. Wright, Courtni C. The Women of Shakespeare’s Plays. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. 1993. Print. This essay on Parental Issues in A Midsummer Night’s Dream: Reading the science of Law into a Cautious Tale about the Return into the Lapse of Nature was written and submitted by user Maleah Mckinney to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.